Bohemian Highlights -- Warsaw

Warsaw was a difficult place to be. The weather was cold and overcast. We had traversed a flat terrain for six hours to get there from Berlin, 325 miles away, on a dreary, wet, foggy day. Learning about Warsaw's history was depressing and being there felt as though the weight of this history bled onto us. If ever the concept of "sense of place" was validated, Warsaw was it. However, the post-war resurrection of Warsaw is yet another chapter about the triumph of the human spirit in the face of utter destruction; it is a testament to the people's grit and a love for their city.

First, the context. Conquering tribes have rumbled across Poland for centuries and made it their own. Sometimes, Poland didn't even exist! World War II was especially difficult for Poland when the Germans marched in from the west on September 1, 1939 and declared the country theirs. Sixteen days later the Soviets invaded Poland from the east. Bombings commenced, and the people lost their homes, farms, cities, churches, and families. This would go on for six years followed by the Soviets' control of Poland 1945-91 as one of their Eastern bloc countries. 

Actually, the Nazis had planned to raze the city as part of the Nazis' Germanization of Central Europe. As it became apparent that the Nazis would lose the war in late 1944, they abandoned their plans of colonizing the East. Thus, the destruction of Warsaw did not serve any military or colonial purpose; it was carried out solely as an act of reprisal, especially after the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, which was led by the Polish Resistance. The Nazi leaders were so infuriated that they deliberately demolished, burned, and pillaged the vast majority of the city's museums, art galleries, theaters, churches, parks, castles and palaces as if to wipe out Warsaw's entire cultural heritage. 

Zbyszko Siemaszko, photographer of Central Photographic Agency (CAF) in Warsaw - The book: "Warszawa 1945-1970", Publisher: Wydawnictwo Sport i Turystyka, Warszawa, 1970, page 76-77

 

 

 

Source:  Ciborowski, Adolf (1969), A City Destroyed and Rebuilt. He was a Polish architect, urban planner, and politician.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The destruction of Warsaw was practically unparalleled during the war. "Perhaps no city suffered more than Warsaw during World War II", said historian Alexandra Richie. "The destruction of Warsaw was unique even in the terrible history of the Second World War". 

People fled the destruction. However, after the war they returned to their city and built a new one between the 1950s and 70s--without much help from either the Western allies or their new Soviet conquerors. Old Town was thoroughly reconstructed and New Town was partially restored to its former state.

Although the Soviets had industrialized, urbanized, and improved the Poland's standard of living, the people also had to endure Stalinist repression, social unrest, political strife, and severe economic difficulties. That would end with the fall of the USSR and the withdraw of Soviet troops from Poland. The Communist Polish government also lost out and the rise of democracy, free and fair elections, and freedom replaced it. As a result, Warsaw today is a vibrant, bustling, modern city.

This blog will focus on Warsaw and World War II.

 

Warsaw Ghetto 

When I was in high school, I read the John Hersey novel, The Wall, which chronicled life in the Warsaw Ghetto. I was anxious to visit this area when we arrived in Warsaw, but was disappointed. The ghetto had been leveled during World War II and was now a serene park with a Jewish museum and memorials surrounded by reconstructed streets and buildings.  

 

The Ghetto was established in October 1940 after Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The siege continued until September 29, It killed 30,000 people and destroyed 10 percent of the city. 

Thousands of Jews and other refugees from the Polish-German front escaped to Warsaw. Meanwhile, Jews were forced into labor to clear the bomb damage. Their bank accounts were frozen. They had to wear a six-pointed yellow star, were forbidden to take public transport or to pray in public due to the "risk of spreading epidemics". Because the Nazis limited food and medical supplies, the black market, smuggling, and illegal trade emerged. Many people died from typhus and starvation.

On April 1, 1940 construction of a ghetto wall commenced to hem in approximately 460,000 Jews, which was about 30% of Warsaw's population at the time. It was completed by November 1940. Other undesirables, like the Romani people (Gypsies) were also confined there.

 

 

 

Despite grave hardships, life in the Warsaw Ghetto provided its people with educational and cultural activities, both legal and those conducted by its underground organizations. Hospitals, public soup kitchens, orphanages, refugee centers and recreation facilities were formed, as well as a school system. There were also secret libraries, classes for the children, and even a symphony orchestra.

 

War profiteers descended on Warsaw and started enlisting Jewish workers to make shoes, leather products, sweaters and socks for the Wehrmacht (unified German armed forces) as well as furs and wool sweaters.

Mass deportations to the Treblinka concentration camp began in the summer of 1942 via trains. By the end of 1942, it became clear that people were going there to be killed. Many of the remaining Jews decided to resist further deportations, and began to smuggle in weapons, ammunition and supplies.

 

On January 18, 1943, after a halt of deportations, the Germans entered the Warsaw Ghetto to round up Jews. Six hundred Jews were shot and 5,000 others removed from their residences. The Germans expected no resistance, but instead were met with hundreds of insurgents armed with handguns and Molotov cocktails. Underground fighters achieved some successes and eventually took control of the Ghetto. By April 19-28, several thousand Germans fought back and suppressed the uprising by May 16 with the demolition of the Great Synagogue of Warsaw. They systematically burned and blew up the ghetto buildings, block by block, and rounded up or murdered anybody they could capture. At least 56,065 people were killed on the spot or deported to the Treblinka or Majdanek concentration and death camps (photos below), and the ghetto was then almost completely leveled.

 

 

 

 

 

 

A Warsaw Ghetto Heroes Monument is near the place where the German troops entered the ghetto on 19 April 1943. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Palace Wilanów

 

King John III Sobieski (1629–1696) built this palace between 1677–1696 for his wife and French noblewoman, Queen Marie Casimire. She was French and wanted to live like the French queens. However, she was not satisfied with the palace because it was too small. Nevertheless, she wasn't all fluff and no brains. She had a great influence upon the affairs of state and acted as regent during the king's absence. The couple had 13 children, but only four reached adulthood

 

The left and right wings of the palace were later added by Polish stateswoman Elżbieta Sieniawska who bought the palace in 1720. She followed King John's original blueprints by architect Augustyn Wincenty Locci. All subsequent owners changed the interiors of the palace, as well as the gardens and grounds, according to the current fashion and needs. In 1805, the owners Stanisław Kostka Potocki and his wife Aleksandra Lubomirska transformed the palace into a museum, one of the first public museums in Poland.

 

Only a fraction of King's art collection survive today among the museum's current holdings. However, subsequent owners re-established and enriched the collection with paintings making Wilnów is one of Poland's most important historical monuments. Around 3 million people visit the museum annually (2019). The palace and surrounding park in Wilanów also host cultural events and concerts. 

 

The palace was one of the few buildings not destroyed by Poland's partitions and both World Wars so in that way we have a gift from the past that we can appreciate today. It remains a remarkable example of Baroque architecture.

 

 

John III Sobieski (1629-96) was born into Polish nobility. He was a soldier and later a commander in the Khmelnytsky Uprising, the Russo-Polish War and the Swedish invasion known as the Deluge. He demonstrated his military prowess during the war against the Ottoman Empire and established himself as a leading figure in Poland and Lithuania. In 1674, he was elected monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth following the sudden and unexpected death of his predecessor, King Michael. King John's 22-year reign marked a period of the Commonwealth's stabilization, much needed after the turmoil of previous conflicts.

Here are examples of the interior and exterior art works of the palace.

 The crest of King John is a golden shield, which is seen throughout the palace.

    

Sculpture of Warrior and King John on horseback. Note the Turkish slave underneath tending to the horse.  Sculpture of Warrior and King John on horseback. Note the Turkish slave underneath tending to the horse. 

 

 

 Queen Marie Casimire Sobieska

 

 

 

King's bed (left)

Queen's bed (right)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Like many royals of his time, King John liked collecting ancient art of the Greeks and Romans.

Frédéric Chopin

Chopin, a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic period, was and still is much revered in Warsaw. He wrote primarily for solo piano. He was a leading musician of his time whose "poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation".

The child prodigy grew up in Warsaw but left at age 20 less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising (a.k.a. Polish-Russian War of 1830-31). He eventually settled in Paris and never returned to Poland. He was very industrious composing music and performing in more intimate venues like the salons of the day. He became friends with Franz Liszt and artist and leader of the French Romantic School, Eugène Delacroix. He was admired by many of his musical contemporaries, including Robert Schumann. He had a tumultuous relationship with the French writer Aurore Dupin (known by her pen name George Sand). Although his father was French, he never considered himself French, even after he received French citizenship. He always considered himself a Pole, like his mother. Legend has it that before leaving Poland he scooped up some dirt in Warsaw and put it in a little sack that he carried for the rest of his life.

For most of his life, Chopin was in poor health. He died in Paris in 1849 at 39.

Poland loves Chopin, and Warsaw is particularly fond of him as one of its native sons. A large bronze statue of Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849) stands in the upper part of Warsaw's Royal Baths Park. He is sitting under a willow tree that resembles his hands and fingers with Poland's symbol, the eagle.

After some major setbacks, the statue was finally cast and erected in 1926. On May 31, 1940, the Nazis blew up the statue. It was the first monument destroyed during German occupation of Poland. According to local legend, the next day a handwritten sign was found at the site which read: "I don’t know who destroyed me, but I know why: so that I won’t play the funeral march for your leader."

After the war the statue was re-built. An inscription on the pedestal reads: "The Statue of Fryderyk Chopin, destroyed and plundered by the Germans on 31 May 1940, rebuilt by the Nation." Another inscription quotes poet Adam Mickiewicz': "Flames will consume our painted history, sword-wielding thieves will plunder our treasures, the song will be saved..."

Because the original mold for the statue had survived the war, it was possible to cast a replica. In 1958 the statue was placed at its original site. Since 1959, free piano recitals of Chopin's compositions have been performed at the statue's base on Sunday afternoons during the summer months.

 

 

Several members of my travel group went to a Chopin concert one night in Warsaw. A Japanese pianist (red dress) performed an hour-long concert. She was a professor of music at the university. We posed with her afterward. The small concert hall is a project of some young people who hold musical venues. They reconstructed the building and made it seem very nineteenth century. A marvelous evening was had by all.

Old Town

 

 

The Royal Castle in Warsaw dates back to the 14th century when the first Castle Tower was constructed as the residence of the Masovian dukes. Today, it is a state museum and a national historical monument that had formerly served as the official royal residence and offices of several Polish monarchs from the 16th century until the final partition of Poland in 1795. The Royal Castle holds a significant collection of Polish and European art despite the fact that much of its treasures were stolen by the Nazis. Polish museum staff and experts in art restoration had successfully hid many of the treasures. 

 

During the Second World War the Royal Castle was completely destroyed. Hitler had initially targeted the castle's destruction in September 1939. This plan finally came to pass after the Warsaw Uprising in 1944 when Luftwaffe fighter aircraft bombed the castle and on-the-ground detonations were set. Reconstruction was carried out between 1971–1984, during which it regained its original 17th-century appearance.  Our local guide quipped that she was older than this 14th century castle!

 

Old Town Market Place dates back to the end of the 13th century. It is the true heart of the Old Town, and until the end of the 18th century it was the heart of all of Warsaw. Representatives of guilds and merchants met in the Town Hall (built before 1429, pulled down in 1817). They put on fairs here and occasionally an execution. The houses around it employed Gothic style until the great fire of 1607, after which they were rebuilt in late-Renaissance style.

Castle Square is dominated by Sigismund's Column, which sits between the Old Town and the Royal Castle. The square peaked in the 17th century when Warsaw became the country's capital. It was here in 1644 that King Władysław IV erected the Sigismund's Column to glorify his father Sigismund III Vasa, who is best known for moving the capital of Poland from Kraków to Warsaw.

Sigismund's Column is one of Warsaw's most famous landmarks as well as the first secular monument in the form of a column in modern history. (Traditionally, only the figures of Christ, Virgin Mary and saints could be revered in this way)

The monument symbolized royal virtues and represented both the secular and sacral nature of royal power. The erection of the column glorified the House of Vasa but further strengthened the king's power and influence. 

 On September 1, 1944, during the Warsaw Uprising, the monument was destroyed by the Nazis, and its bronze statue badly damaged. The statue was eventually repaired, and in 1949 set upon a new granite column. Some of the broken pieces of the column lie next to the Royal Castle.

 

 

The Kraków Gate used to open into the city. It was developed in the 14th century as a defensive area for the kings. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

An interesting Old Town building that exudes solidity and presence.

 

St. John's Cathedral is one of three cathedrals in the city as well as one of Poland's national pantheons. Originally built in the 14th century in Masovian Gothic style, the cathedral served as a coronation and burial site for numerous Dukes of Masovia. 

It was rebuilt several times, most notably in the 19th century as an example of English Gothic Revival.

During the Warsaw Uprising (August–October 1944), the Nazis drove a tank into the building and later drilled holes into the walls for explosives to blow it up leaving 90% of its structure destroyed.

The cathedral was rebuilt after the war based on the 14th-century church's presumed appearance. Over the centuries, kings, dukes, statesmen, bishops and renowned composers, musicians, writers, and painters have been buried here.

Christmas time in Old Town Warsaw

Resources

Destruction of Warsaw -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destruction_of_Warsaw

History of Warsaw -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw

Warsaw Ghetto -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto

Jewish ghettos in Europe -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe

Warsaw Ghetto daily life -- https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/daily-life-in-the-warsaw-ghetto

King John III -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_Sobieski

Wilanów Palace -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilan%C3%B3w_Palace

Queen Marie Casimore Sobieska -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Casimire_Sobieska

Chopin Monument and Park -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin_Monument%2C_Warsaw

Frédéric Chopin -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin

Old Town Warsaw -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Town,_Warsaw

Sigismund's Column -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund's_Column

Royal Castle -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw

 

Bohemian Highlights -- Poznań

 

Poznań, the original capital of Poland, is located in western Poland on the Warta River. It was founded in the 10th century and was one of the one of four historical capitals of medieval Poland. Today, as the fifth largest city in the country with a population of over half a million, it is the center of trade, sport, education, technology and tourism.   

At the heart of the square is Poznań’s Town Hall, which was originally built in the late 13th century following the founding of the city in 1253. The clock tower features two billy goats that come out at noon and butt heads 12 times as the clocks sounds the hour. This display has gone on since 1551.

The goats refer to a 16th century story about a chef in town who was supposed to make an elaborate feast for the mayor and visiting dignitaries. The chef had planned roasted venison but ended up burning the meat to a crisp because he was distracted by the festivities. In desperation the chef found two goats grazing in a nearby meadow that he intended to cook. Unfortunately, the goats got away from him and ran toward the Town Hall. They ran up the stairs to the tower, emerged from the turret, locked horns, and battled it out. The mayor, his guests, and the townspeople were so entertained by the goats that they forgave the chef and the goats for the meal. When the new clock was set up, the mayor ordered that the goats be added to the mechanism and continue their noon time battle.

Goat photos by Atlas Obscura

 

Town Square

  

A very colorful town square graces the center of Poznań's old town and helps visitors like us to forget the dreary, overcast and very cold day.  The square is very big with the huge Town Hall in the center of it. Below are some of the buildings and objects that make up the square. The architecture is exquisite, just a taste of what we were in for during this two-week trip in both grand cities and rural small towns alike.

 

 

                                    

Restaurants are enticing with their sculpted windows and doorways. They look so 18th century. The names are equally intriguing like Billy's, a reference to those two goats battling it out in the Town Hall's tower. Another restaurant features the two goats in its front window. Truly beautiful--and inviting.

 

 

I ate at a small restaurant that served some delicious food and a spiced Christmas drink. Unfortunately, I didn't get a photo of it, the food, or my fellow travelers, two sisters from South Africa, that I ate with. 

 

 

Christmas is around the corner and the town is getting reading with a crêche and later on, a Christmas market that will feature hand-crafted goods made by local people. Little log cabins (sometimes small tents) will be set up as they are in cities across Europe.

 

 

 

My fellow travelers and I only had time for lunch and a quick look around the town square before we boarded the bus and headed for Warsaw.

 

St. Martin's Croissant -- “rogale świętomarcińskie”

 

 One of the popular local foods in Poznań is the St. Martin's Croissant. This giant-sized delight is filled with poppy seeds and mixed with nuts, raisins, almonds, sugar and butter. Icing is poured on top and sprinkled again with nuts and sugar. It's more than one person can eat at a time, and it's best eaten when it's warm. 

 

 The croissant is protected as a cultural heritage by the European Union because it is not only a staple of the Poznanian diet but a delicacy celebrated every year at the town's St. Martin Festival. 

The tradition of the St. Martin's Croissant goes back to 1891 when a young priest was trying to encourage his congregation to find a way to be charitable towards the poor during the cold winter months. A young confectioner took this to heart after he watched a horse lose its shoe. He decided to create a croissant in the shape of a horseshoe and give it to the poor. He filled the croissant with almond and poppyseed paste and passed it out to beggars on the street. As a result, the townspeople created a charitable event they celebrated every year on November 11, St. Martin's feast day. On this day, the town makes and eats over 700,000 croissants during the annual St. Martin's Day parade.

Today, the Croissant Museum features the baking process of the croissant as they teach the history of St. Martin, Poznań, and the famous croissant. 

 

1956 Monument

If there was one outstanding lesson of this trip to Poland and the Bohemian region it was that the people in this region have suffered much over the centuries as bigger and better armies conquered them. One dreadful period in recent history was the post-war Soviet takeover of Poland. In June 1956, however, the people of Poznań revolted against the regime. 

The 1956 Poznań protests were the first of several massive protests against the communist government of the Polish People's Republic. Workers demanded better working conditions at Poznań's Cegielski Factories. Approximately 100,000 people gathered in the city center. They were met with 400 tanks and 10,000 soldiers of the Polish People's Army and the Internal Security Corps under the command of the Polish-Soviet general Stanislav Poplavsky who were ordered to suppress the protesters--with bullets if necessary. Between 57 to 100+ people were killed and hundreds sustained injuries. The Poznań protests eventually resulted in the Polish October as well as the installation of a less Soviet-controlled government. Other similar protests would lead to the fall of communism in Poland in 1989.

We didn't see this monument, but I include it in this blog because of its importance to Poznań and Polish history. It is important to note that the protests were not motivated by anti-communist ideology as much as workers' demands for better working conditions. "We demand bread" was their motto. These demands, in turn, eventually led to the call for political change.

These two steel crosses bound together with rope were unveiled on June 28, 1981, to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the 1956 uprising against Soviet control. An eagle head and nearby tablet were added when Polish Pope John Paul II visited the monument in 1997. 

The monument has become a very powerful symbol of remembrance of the painful events of Poland’s recent past including the people's subsequent patriotic and social riots of 1968, 1970, 1976, 1980 and 1981.

 

Sources

Atlas Obscura on Poznań -- https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-fighting-goats-of-poznan-poznan-poland

Atlas Obscura on St Martin's Croissant -- https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/st-martins-croissant-museum

Atlas Obscura on 1956 Monument -- https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/poznan-june-1956-monument

Wikipedia -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84

Wikipedia -- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests